Spectrophotometer Concentration and Standard Curve Essay

Lab Report 4 Biology 103 Prof. Dr. Johnson Spectrophotometer; the finding of protein concentration of an unknown sample of BSA, and by using the standard curve. Abstract A spectrophotometer’s purpose is to use colors of the light spectrum to determine the concentration of light absorbing molecules in a solution. (p.59) In this particular lab, our mission was to determine the protein concentration and the standard curve of the unknown sample of BSA. This, by preparing five dilutions of the unknown solution of BSA together with other known concentrations, and then experimenting by observing how the concentrations were passed through the spectrophotometer. The outcome resolved in the absorption levels being decreased, and this†¦show more content†¦The same solution of 0.5 ml BSA was then added from test tube 1 to the test tube 2 after being properly mixed, and from test tube 2 the solution was being added to test tube 3, and so forth all the way up to test tube 5, with the same exact procedure. From the last tube, we then disposed the 0.5 ml solution. After above procedures, we now labeled another test tube â€Å"blank†; 0.5 ml blank distilled water was purred into the tube with the serial dilution of 1:10. We also had a tube C labeled â€Å"unknown† with the same 0.5 ml of solution. And after adding 5ml of Coomassie Blue to each tube (1-5) and to the blank, the result of absorbance was read at 595 nm. Result | Protein Concentration( µg/ml) | Absorbance(595 nm) | Tube 1 | 120 | .922 | Tube 2 | 60 | .557 | Tube 3 | 30 | .377 | Tube 4 | 15 | .180 | Tube 5 | 7.5 | .082 | Unknown: .759 | The ending result of this experiment confirms that as five test tubes are lined up with the varying level of absorbance, different results in the level of absorbance will appear as well, this is visible in above table. Thus, this is due to the varying amount of water in the solution. The blank sample had a 0.30 in its level of absorbance. Calculating serial dilutions and their concentrations (Examples of test tube 1 and test tube 2for respective dilution and concentration) Dilution or D = previous dilution (if any) Ãâ€"theShow MoreRelatedBradford Assay On Unknown Concentrations Of Proteins1459 Words   |  6 PagesBradford Assay on Unknown Concentrations of Proteins Taylor Coleman September 27, 2016 Lab Group 3 BIOL 1111: General Biology Lab Fall 2015 Section 107 Chad Perry Abstract Colorimetric assay is a process of determining a concentration of a solution based on absorbance of light. The purpose of this lab is to determine if the Bradford assay is an accurate way to determine an unknown concentration of two samples of protein. The Bradford assay is done by measuring wavelength of light passingRead MoreDETERMINING THE GLUCOSE CONTENT OF AND ORANGE USING GOD Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesorange was used. 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When Ruth Is Dead At The End Of Chapter Six - 965 Words

The first death in this book is Ruth’s; Kathy casually mentions that Ruth is dead at the end of chapter six. However, it is not until chapter nineteen that Kathy reveals any details about Ruth’s death: [It] was three days after her second donation, when they finally let me in to see her in the small hours of the morning. She was in a room by herself, and it looked like they’d done everything they could for her . . . Now I took one glance at her in that hospital bed under the dull light and recognized the look on her face, which I’d seen on donors often enough before. It was like she was willing her eyes to see right insider herself, so she could patrol and marshal all the better the separate areas of pain in her body . . . She was, strictly speaking, still conscious, but she wasn’t accessible to me as I stood there beside her metal bed. (Ishiguro, 235-236) Kathy realizes that Ruth is dying and that she cannot be saved, and she just accepts it. She does not try to fight it; she simply stays with Ruth until she is forced to leave. Even though their friendship was complicated, they were still friends and had become closer near the end. The language Ishiguro uses to describe Ruth from Kathy’s perspective is simple and honest; nothing about the language suggests any resistance against her death. When it is time for Tommy, Kathy’s boyfriend, to complete, there is again no resistance. Kathy and Tommy had tried to get a deferral, but they simply give up when they discovered thatShow MoreRelatedThe Name Of The Author Of This Book Is Carol Ruth Berkin.939 Words   |  4 PagesThe name of the author of this book is Carol Ruth Berkin. She was born on October 1st, 1942 in mobile Alabama. Berkin is an American historian and author and is currently a professor of history at the city university New York. She has also received and grants from Bancroft foundation. 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Bangladesh Rmg Sector Free Essays

string(52) " is a result of ears of negligence and malfeasance\." For example, with the removal of the Multi- Fiber Agreement (MFC) in 2005, fear of imminent doom stroked in the hearts of the garments owners. Despite the adverse predictions of different studies, the ARM sector of Bangladesh managed to pull through the abolishment of the MFC unscathed. Bangladesh later secured a position under the Generalized System of Preference (SSP), which allowed the country to enjoy privileged trade links with the Western producers. We will write a custom essay sample on Bangladesh Rmg Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, after the most recent tragedy of Ran Plaza where more than 1200 garments workers lost their lives, the US government suspended the SP of Bangladesh. Even though EX. promised not to withdraw SSP for Bangladesh it comes with stipulations attached. In this circumstance, the question that everyone is compelled to ask themselves is- â€Å"Will the ARM sector of Bangladesh collapse with the recent crisis it is faced with, or will it be able to hold its ground? † The Evolutionary Path of the ARM Sector Before delving further into the recent crisis and its impacts, let’s first identify the contribution of ARM sector in Bangladesh economy and its strengths that led to its immense growth over the last few decades. ARM sector is the highest foreign exchange generating sector of Bangladesh, constituting 79% of total export and around 22 percent of total GAP in FYI 2012-13. It is evident from graph 1 that the sector’s contribution to total export and economy as a whole has only increased over time. Currently it employs 44 million worker 80% of which are women. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that ARM sector has become the lifeline of Bangladesh economy. Graph: ARM export and Total Export hourly wage rate of ARM Sector source: BAGGAGE Graph 2: Minimum Source: ILL The global hegemony of Bangladesh in ARM sector can be ascribed to the fact that it enjoys a competitive advantage in terms of low wages and lax regulation that transformed into competitive global prices. With a minimum wage of USED 0. 26 per hour, the rate is one of lowest in the world (see Graph 2). The biggest earner of foreign exchange in Bangladesh has also been showered with favorable incentives such as back-to-back LLC, import and customs duty rebates and short and long term interest rates discount. Harnessing on its cheap labor, Bangladesh ARM sector has found a strong foothold to sustain on its own. For example, the MFC quota system which had initially acted in favor of the Bangladesh ARM sector was phased out in allowing the abolishment. According to the McKinney report 2011, Bangladesh has all the potential of becoming the no. 1 apparel sourcing hotshot replacing China. Buyers at the cost of labor wages According to Doug Miller, professor emeritus of supply chain ethics, â€Å"In Bangladesh, you have a glut of buyers in search of a cheap product wanting to place enormous orders, and the capacity is built hurriedly. With a clause of deferred payment in letter of credit (L/C) I. E. The formal loan agreement for purchases, merchants in Bangladesh get products shipped out and release payments to manufacturers after months of delay of as much as 6 months. With payment being deferred, Bangladesh manufacturers are actually forced to subsidize the buyers. Garment-makers take loan, free of interest for 90 days, against the L/C in executing orders. So, for the period beyond 90 days, manufacturers have to fork out 1 PC interest. Moreover, an order worth a dollar that a buyer places actually does not add up to a dollar. On different pretexts and through underhand dealings, they take back almost 25 cents, leaving the manufacturers to complete the Job with the remaining 75 cents with which the manufacturer buy fabrics and accessories, make clothes, pay establishment costs, ship out clothes, and are expected to pay workers reasonably and make good profit as well. Factory installations are shoddy, workers’ lock in and lead times are too tight- all in order to minimize costs and attend to stringent deadlines. Since victims fear veering off foreign buyers, the central bank and garment owners’ association has not yet initiated a reform. The Current Crisis Today there is a vast network of some 5,000 garment factories in Bangladesh, far more than any other low-wage country. They aim at churning out clothing quickly and cheaply without bothering to comply with rules and worker safety standards. Faced with a government imposed minimum wage of USED 38, the average factory owner seeks cost minimization by tweaking other variables such as infrastructure, power and freight. Such hard core profit seeking behavior has resulted in a regulatory disaster. According to Bangladesh institute of labor studies, at least 730 workers were killed and 4,700 garment workers have been injured in ARM accidents between years 1990 to 2012. Five deadly incidents from November 2012 through May 2013 brought rocker safety and labor violations in Bangladesh to world attention. However, the biggest, deadliest disaster so far has been the collapse of the factory building in Saver which has led to the death of over 1100 workers. The fatal accidents occurring in regular interval have put the bright future of Bangladesh ARM sector in Jeopardy. One of the five criteria that buyers look into while evaluating a destination/country as a major sourcing market is risk (as outlined in a report by McKinney, 2011). Taking that into account, recent incidents in Bangladesh point out that there has been a age surge in the risk factor surrounding the readmes garments (ARM) sector in Bangladesh. Following the collapse of Ran Plaza, the Western companies are now already seeking new sources of ready-made garments. Well known companies already contemplating a move out, fearing that association with Bangladesh factories would damage their reputations. Low wage that once has been the main attraction circumstance it is only natural that competitors like China, India and Vietnam will snatch business away from Bangladesh. Regulations The regulatory disaster that the Bangladesh ARM sector is facing now is a result of ears of negligence and malfeasance. You read "Bangladesh Rmg Sector" in category "Papers" Laws ensuring the rights of workers are in place, but are scattered, outdated and not enforced properly. A National Labor Law Commission was formed in 1992 to enact a Labor Code. The National Trade Union Leaders of The Labor Law Review Committee was reconstituted in 1998. However, workers’ rights are highly violated and trade unions are very weak. In 2008, the government had enacted the Dacha Metropolitan Building (Construction, Development, Conservation and Demolition) Rules aimed at ensuring construction of any structure in the capital Dacha in compliance with the prevailing construction deadlines. However RAJAH, the Capital Development Authority, has failed to enforce the law seriously which further adds to the flimsy regulatory framework governing workers’ safety. Regulatory Capture The failure by the governmental bodies in Bangladesh to ensure the proper enactment of safety standards reflects â€Å"regulatory capture† that occurs when policymakers or regulatory bodies favor special interest groups rather than working in interest the public.. The perfect example would be the sanction of building permit of Ran Plaza in Saver. The design of the building was not architecturally sound but as granted by an RAJAH office that wasn’t authorized to issue such permits to begin with but he did it anyway in exchange of bribe; thus serving the interest of the building owner. The regulatory agencies such as Ministry of Labor and RAJAH, created to act in public interest, instead advance the commercial or special concerns of interest groups that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Understandably the authority seems to turn a blind eye on this very matter as at least 10 percent of Bangladesh parliament members are direct owners of about 5000 garment factories in Bangladesh. The apparent inter-involvement reflects in the way there have been no convictions on any of the major disasters that had resulted in hundreds of death and injuries prior to the collapse of the Ran Plaza building in Saver in May 2013. The businessmen-UCM-politicians fear the pullout of Western buyers responsible for their profit margins as well as Arm’s contribution to the economy should the costs of implementing the regulations properly cause higher prices. Stakeholders’ Response Since the collapse of the building Ran Plaza and the corresponding international attention it has received, the reputation of Bangladesh ARM sector and its international buyers are in Jeopardy. Companies like Disney, Orion etc have terminated import from Bangladesh while major US importers like Walter have not made any concrete commitment to improve the working conditions of the factories from which they import clothes for its outlets. Most of the big global companies have decided to stay and try to improve safety in their contractors’ factories and build inspection of some factories under which millions work. The most severe blow that the Bangladesh ARM sector has faced after the Tragic Ran Plaza incident is the suspension of Generalized System of Preference (SSP) facility provided by the US overspent. This action comes as a result of Bangladesh government’s failure to improve working conditions and ensure worker safety inside the country. In the short run, the suspension from US SSP is projected to reduce export by a meager 0. 8 % as ARM products (which make up most of the US import from Bangladesh) are not included in the list of duty-free products in SSP. However, the cancellation of SSP will translate to major export loss for industries like ceramic products, processed and frozen prawn, tobacco, etc as these products used to enjoy duty free entry in US market. Most importantly, Bangladesh image as a trade partner of the USA is tainted. Therefore, the prospect of future export growth of Bangladesh in US market seems dimmer as this may discourage US and other foreign investors, new and old, from venturing into Bangladesh. Nonetheless, the US government has assured that the suspension is temporary and accordance with the provided guideline will result in reinstatement of the facility. The key points of the guidelines are * Fast track registration of unions * Increase the number of government labor inspector * Proper implementation of Factory standard and stricter punishment for failure to imply * Assess architectural soundness and fire safety of all apparel units * Close or relocate risky factories * A hotlist for workers to unanimously report fire, building safety and rights violation * Amend PEG law to match international standard * Prevent harassment and violation against labor activists and resolve ongoing dispute The repercussion of SSP suspension will be much more severe if adopted by European Union (ELI) since unlike USA, garments products enjoy SSP facility in ELI. EX. had previously threatened to remove preferential access of Bangladesh ARM reduces in EX. market if the government did not take measures to improve the working condition in Bangladesh factories. They have called for immediate safety improvements, and said they were considering changes in Bang ladesh duty-free and quota-free status to encourage more responsible management by the country’s garment industry. The United Nations labor agency, International Labor Organization (ILL) had also sent an inspecting team a week following the building collapse, and has called for greater commitment and social dialogue for the overall regulation of the ARM industry. ILL has welcomed an agreement signed by some international fashion brands and retailers, and trade unions to prevent workplace disasters. Thus there is increasing oversight by the international community to oversee the safety of the industry drivers. Response of Bangladesh Government and Regulatory Bodies Back home, the government of Bangladesh is working to amend the Labor law to make it time-befitting as well as protect the interest, rights and security of workers. RAJAH has also started an inspection of unauthorized factory buildings. Moreover the Anti Corruption Commission (AC) will look into the alleged irregularities in the Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BAGGAGE) have also issued a list of tests and standards that must be met by all the factories. This list includes: reports of soil tests and structural design to assess the suitability of the building to be used as a factory, to remove generators from the roof to the ground floor, to install equipments that would aid in a disaster and so forth. These were requested of all factories and are to be submitted by the end of May, 2013. For the owners, the course of action is to initiate compliance with the international standards and assist BAGGAGE in all activities y providing the reports asked of in time. They also need to educate and train their workforce on the steps to take in the event of a disaster and also conduct regular fire drills. Response of Civil Society The civil society has also raised a voice and become increasingly involved in the brewing demand for regulatory reform. Not only have individuals and organizations offered assistance to the collapsed building victims but many have also offered corrective measures. Sir Faze Abed, founder of BRACE, has asserted that instead of Western buyers pulling out, the buyers should invest in ensuring workers’ safety assure while the workers must also coalesce into unions and engage in collective bargaining. The government must also end neglecting worker safety issues and ensure Justice for the owners’ criminal negligence. Nobel Laureate Dry. Muhammad Yuan’s has recommended two proposals: one is for the Bangladesh government and foreign buyers to Jointly fix a minimum international wage level, and work on increasing labor productivity, specialized labor skills, and build buyers’ trust in order to remain competitive. The second is to set up a Workers’ Welfare Trust Fund, so that he international buying company will pay 10% of the amount it has agree to pay the garment factory owners to work in the welfare of the workers. A citizen action group can also be created in order to accelerate the positive changes taking place in business. Conclusion The ARM sector as the biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh, is considered a â€Å"national treasure†, therefore a tacit bi-partisan agreement between the politicians and businessmen to protect it was an outcome, albeit blindly. However the failure of regulations and prevailing of criminal negligence can be mitigated by stricter law enforcement and by the presence of a proper non-partisan regulatory body or watchdog to ensure transparency, mitigated corruption and the assurance of worker safety. For the government, the most important action is to ensure enforceability of the steps that need to be undertaken. More often than not, it is seen that there is a flurry of activity right after an accident, which dies out soon with no significant changes that would prevent such an accident from being repeated. Trade unions and labor activism must not be shut down by the new Industrial Police to ensure transparency and accountability of the workers and their rights. The workers must be allowed to organize themselves and be allowed to function as gracious counterpart of the existing ARM owners’ associations, not simply as appendages The ARM sector to demolish the entire sector if not addressed immediately. These include: poor infrastructure, low compliance to international standards, weak supplier performance and workforce supply, overconfidence on imported raw materials and lastly poor economic and political stability. The government must act swiftly to avert the impending doom one of the most important industries in the Bangladesh How to cite Bangladesh Rmg Sector, Papers

Case Study Construction of an Apartment in Novena

Question: Discuss about theCase Studyfor Construction of an Apartment in Novena. Answer: Introduction The construction industry is considered as the largest industry in the world. This industry is sited as a growth indicator for the economic conditions of a country. The main goal of the construction project is to build an apartment in Novena and the important resources, which are required for building, includes labour, material and money (Nenonen et al 2014). It is quite important to make the industry more effective as well as efficient for making the utilization of resources properly. According to Kucukvar, Murat, and Omer (2013), the planning as well as estimation of various activities on construction sites are unpredictable due to lack of data on the labour productivity. This assignment focuses on various literatures in order to review as well as research on the labour productivity, which is considered as one of the important task for construction of an apartment in Novena. The paper also discusses the task of the project, human resource, productivity, factors affecting productivity and various productivity improvement techniques. Defining Project Task and Human Resource It is stated by Kanadasan et al (2015), that the construction industry is unique as the project associated with it is large and it is built on site. There are number of project task, which are required in for building an apartment, but structural work is considered as the most significant as it is time consuming (Wasilkiewicz et al 2016). Structural work comprises of number of tasks which includes concrete mixing, testing of the sample, concrete curing and many more. The duration that is needed for completing the task is not possible to estimate as the architectural works are generally unpredictable. According to Sarhan and Andrew (2013), the main resource that is required for the construction of an apartment is the workers. The human resource literature is needed for completing the task which includes employee participation, employee involvement and employee empowerment. All this concepts are very much essential for engaging the employees in order to encourage them in their work. Defining the Productivity Employee productivity is an assessment which is utilized in order to measure the efficiency of the workers. According to Brinkman et al (2015), productivity is evaluated in context with the output of an employee within a specific time-period. Productivity is defined as an average hours required by the labour for installing a unit of material. It is stated by Nasir et al (2012), that 1.0% productivity can be achieved by a construction project with 40 hour of workweek excluding all the planned holidays by the employees. The productivity of an employee is measured relative to an average for the workers who do the same work. This is because success of construction is fully dependent on productivity of the workplace (McCabe 2012). The construction productivity can be perfect or the achievement is 100% when there are no delays during the time of construction of the apartment, every worker can work safely, every resource fit with demand, the weather is 70 degree Fahrenheit and there is no l itigation remained at the completion of the project. Factors Affecting Productivity Productivity of the construction project is dependent on various inter-related factors, which are discussed below: Schedule Compression When an early delay occur in the construction procedure of the apartment, compression for the entire time frame or activity helps in compensating the interruptions in order to complete the assigned task. According to Ilozor, Benedict and David (2012), in the perspective of professional scheduling, various schedule compressions can occur without accelerating the specific work activities of the individuals which helps in reflecting the delays. In many project, schedules are not provided for reloading the resources effectively. As a result, a properly updated schedule helps in reflecting the delays, which focuses on completion time of the apartment construction without shortening various activities of the individuals. It is argued by Yi and Albert (2013), that scheduling compression may result into various extra labour forces for completing the desired task by the contractor. This is because the shortening of the entire duration helps the contractor to complete the task on time (Hardin and Dave 2015). When it is linked with overtime, it causes productivity lossless due to shortage of various material tools as well as equipment for supporting the extra labour. Managerial Factors The attitude and skills of the managers have a crucial bearing on the productivity of the construction industry. For the construction of an apartment, the industry follows latest technologies as well as innovations for increasing their average productivity but due to some reasons their productivity does not increases. This is mainly due to the inefficient as well as indifferent techniques followed by the management of the organization (Nenonen et al 2014). Experienced as well as committed mangers help in enhancing the productivity of an organization. The job performances of the employees are fully dependent on their ability as well as willingness towards work. According to Kanadasan et al (2015), the management of the organization act as a catalyst in order to create both the ability as well as willingness among the workers of the organization which indirectly helps in increasing the productivity of construction industry. It is stated by Kucukvar, Murat and Omer (2013), that advanced technology needs labour who have knowledge about the recent technologies so that they can operate the equipments efficiently. It is only possible if the management of the organization is sound. Proper management also helps in securing both the optimum utilization of human as well as technical resources. Supervision Construction of the apartment is dependent on some design, drawings as well as on several specifications. If the drawing or specifications provided are not clear then the productivity of the construction industry automatically decreases, as the workers of the project are fully dependent on the specifications or information provided to them. It can cause delay of the task or the task can be stopped completely or it can be postponed until clear instruction is provided to the workers. It is opined by Sarhan and Andrew (2013), that the productivity of the work decreases by 30% if the process of working is changed and therefore it is very much important for the supervisor of the project to keep an eye on the various processes that are followed for completing the project. For example, the contractor cannot start withhis job until an inspection on various resources is done effectively. It is the task of the supervisors to check whether the process of construction is proceeding as per the sp ecifications and designs or not (Nasir et al 2012).The absenteeism of the supervisors can stop all the work which requires their attendance such as casting concrete, backfilling, delaying inspection and many more. Therefore, supervisors play a significant role in the construction procedure of the apartment. Productivity Improvement Techniques Management plays an important role in improving the productivity of an industry. According to McCabe(2014), the management technique which followed by the construction project in order to improve the productivity is Providing supplemental training and educational opportunities to the workers. Managers of an organization are very much responsible for enhancing the productivity of the construction workforce (Hardin, Brad and Dave 2015). They help in providing different types of supplemental training as well as educational opportunities to its employees so that they accustomed with the new technological innovations which are introduced in the organization. Kucukvar, Murat and Omer (2013) stated that the procedures of training improve the style of working of the employees and therefore, the construction of the apartment is done as per the specifications provided. The managers of the organization also help in improving the productivity by planning, proper selection, by utilizing as well a s controlling resources effectively. The managers generally commit to productivity and demonstrate them with the help of their actions. The productivity of the construction project can also be improved by using the following techniques of field survey and work sampling. According to Kanadasan et al (2015), field surveys are generally organized for improving the productivity of the construction project as well as for improving the conditions of the project sites. By using the technique, one can easily identify the various obstacles that are present in the path construction success. Sarhan and Andrew (2013) stated that the technique also helps in identifying the specific reasons, which are associated with project delay or failure. If the obstacles of the project are known one can improve the processes and automatically it will have positive impact on the productivity of the industry. Ilozor, Benedict and David (2012) stated that the method of work sampling is fully dependent on various statistical sampling theories and it is considered as one of the sophisticated procedure. It is applied for estimating the percentage of tie that is required by a labour in context with the productivity of the construction industry. This measurement is quite important for improving the success of the industry (Wasilkiewicz et al 2016). The process mainly involves identification of the current activity rating as well as the various sources of productive and non-productive modes. It can be analyzed subjectively by levelling the various details of the classification scheme adopted by the project. Conclusion It can be concluded that the research helps in identifying and assessing the various factors which increases the labour productivity and the research also helps in evaluating a management strategy for the structural framework of the labour productivity. The paper examines various techniques that are helpful in improving the productivity of the workers and this is ensured in order to avoid penalty of being late in various projects. It is found that managers play a significant role in improving the success of the construction project by increasing the ability and willingness of the workers towards job with the help of training and educational opportunities. References Brinkman, J., Bosch-Rekveldt, M., Hertogh, M. and Rook, L. 2015.Collaboration between subsidiaries with different disciplines in the construction industry.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,194 no:44-54. Hardin, Brad, and Dave McCool. 2015BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows. John Wiley Sons. Ilozor, Benedict D., and David J. Kelly. 2012 "Building information modeling and integrated project delivery in the commercial construction industry: A conceptual study."Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management2, no: 1 23. Kanadasan, Jegathish, AuniFilzah Ahmad Fauzi, Hashim Abdul Razak, ParamananthanSelliah, VijayaSubramaniam, and SumianiYusoff.2015 "Feasibility studies of palm oil mill waste aggregates for the construction industry."Materials8, no. 9:6508-6530. Kucukvar, Murat, and Omer Tatari.2013 "Towards a triple bottom-line sustainability assessment of the US construction industry."The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment18, no. 5: 958-972. McCabe, Steven.2013Quality Improvement Techniques in Construction: Principles and Methods. Routledge. Nasir, Hassan, Carl T. Haas, Jeff H. Rankin, Aminah Robinson Fayek, Daniel Forgues, and Janaka Ruwanpura.2012 "Development and implementation of a benchmarking and metrics program for construction performance and productivity improvement 1 1 this paper is one of a selection of papers in this special issue on construction engineering and management."Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering39, no. 9: 957-967. Nenonen, Suvi, MiimuAiraksinen, and Terttu Vainio.2014 "FinlandRD functions in real estate and the construction industry."KD Hampson, JA Kraatz and AX Sanchez,RD Investment and Impact in the Global Construction Industry, Oxon: Routledge: 98-114. Sarhan, Saad, and Andrew Fox.2013 "Performance measurement in the UK construction industry and its role in supporting the application of lean construction concepts."Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, The13, no. 1: 23. Wasilkiewicz, Kinga, EirikAlbrechtsen, and Stian Antonsen.2016 "Occupational safety in a globalized construction industry: a study on Polish workers in Norway."Policy and Practice in Health and Safety: 1-16. Yi, Wen, and Albert PC Chan. 2013 "Critical review of labor productivity research in construction journals."Journal of Management in Engineering30, no. 2 : 214-225.

Measures of Central tendency free essay sample

Measures of Central tendencyThey are also known as statistical average. They are statistical values which tend to occur at the centre of any well-ordered data. However, whenever they occur they do not indicate the centre of that data. They tell us the point about which items have a tendency to cluster. Such measures are considered as the most representative figure for the entire mass of the data.Measures of central tendency include:MeanModemedianMeanMean is also known as arithmetic average. It may be defined as the value which we get by dividing the total values of the given observations in a series by the total number of the observations.Arithmetic mean = (?x)/n ; where x is the number of values and n is the number of observations. Arithmetic mean represents the values of the most observations in a given population.In grouped data, arithmetic mean is calculated as:Arithmetic mean = Assumed mean + (?fd)/(?f)The ModeThis is the value within a frequency distribution which has the highest frequency. We will write a custom essay sample on Measures of Central tendency or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On a histogram, it represents the highest bar in a bar chart. It is the most commonly or frequently occurring value in a series. The mode in a distribution is that item around which there is maximum concentration hence it is the size of the item which has the maximum frequency.In data where no single value happens to be the mode, the class with the highest frequency is treated as such – referred to as the modal class.The MedianMedian is a statistical value which is normally located at the centre of a given set of data which has been organized in ascending or descending order of magnitude or size. It divides the series into two halves.Suppose we are asked to calculate the median in the data below:65 55 89 92 56 35 14 56 55 87 45 92We first need to rearrange the data in order of magnitude (smallest first)14 35 55 55 56 56 65 87 89 92 92Our median mark is the middle mark in this case 56

W.B Yeats Great War Poets Symbolism Essay Example

W.B Yeats Great War Poets Symbolism Essay Discuss the use of symbols and correspondences in the set writers on the module. William Butler Yeats was considered to be one of the most important symbolists of the 20th Century. Believed to have been influenced by the French symbolist movement of the 19th Century, his poems incorporated symbols as a means of representing mystical, dream-like and abstract ideals. This was especially prevalent towards the latter part of his life when, inspired by his wife Georgiana Hyde-Lees, he developed a symbolic system which theorized movements through major cycles of history in his book A Vision (1925, 1937)[1]. The Wild Swans at Coole† and â€Å"The Second Coming† are poems of Yeats’ which incorporate symbols, and will be discussed in this essay. In A Vision, Yeats speaks of â€Å"gyres† as his term for a spiralling motion in the shape of a cone. These gyres are important symbols in Yeats’ poetry, and especially in â€Å"The Second Coming†, being mentio ned in the very first line (â€Å"turning and turning in the widening gyre†[2]). The gyres function as a symbol alluding to something which could be subjective to the reader. It could be prophetically interpreted to mean that mankind and life itself is spiralling into self-destruction. This idea is reflected in the first few lines of the poem: â€Å"The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world†[3] The symbol of the gyre is being continued through the image of the falcon, as it spirals above the falconer, getting further and further from the centre until eventually the falcon cannot hear the calls of its master. The phrase â€Å"Things fall apart† could easily be interpreted as referring to the destruction of the physical world itself, and the use of the verb â€Å"loosed† is effective as it personifies the â€Å"anarchy†, conjuring up the image of a monster or a beast which is to be unleashed upon the unsuspecting world. The phrase â€Å"the centre cannot hold† is reflective of the chaos at the centre of the gyre and the harsh â€Å"c† sounds stresses the unstableness of everything. In the context of modernity, the gyres could be interpreted as symbolic of the end of an historical era and the transfer of ideals from one era to the next. We will write a custom essay sample on W.B Yeats Great War Poets Symbolism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on W.B Yeats Great War Poets Symbolism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on W.B Yeats Great War Poets Symbolism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In A Vision, Yeats spoke of the gyres as symbolising the movement through major cycles of history, and the next revelation being â€Å"‘represented by the coming of one gyre to its place of greatest expansion and of the other to that of its greatest contraction’, beginning the next cycle with a violent reversal. This idea is enforced in the lines: â€Å"Surely some revelation is at hand; Surely the Second Coming is at hand. †[4] The call for a revelation in the poem is in vain, as it immediately conjures up an image not of a saviour, but of the beast which Yeats makes sure is powerfully envisioned. Continuing with this line of thought, it could be argued that Yeats sees the transfer of ideals through the gyres as one that will change the beauty of the world for the worse. If the gyre which is at its moment of greatest expansion is symbolic of classicism and true forms of art and culture, the other represents the opposite ideals of the not too distant future which Yeats visualises society travelling towards. This future is one which Yeats has lost faith in, one in which the â€Å"best lack all conviction†[5], and â€Å"passionate intensity† causes widespread chaos. The beast which is conjured from â€Å"Spiritus Mundi†[6] with the â€Å"shape with lion body and the head of a man†[7] could be interpreted as being symbolic of the second coming of Christ, as it is prophesised Christ will return upon the coming of the Beast of the Apocalypse. This interpretation is supported through the biblical allusions throughout the poem, and is emphasised by the language Yeats uses. The â€Å"blood-dimmed tide†[8] which has drowned innocence could allude to the flood which forced Noah to build an ark, however does so in a way which puts the reader in the perspective of someone (or something) which did not get on to the ark. The phrase â€Å"Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world† is symbolic of Satan ruling on Earth before Christ’s return, and the verb â€Å"loosed† alludes to the unleashing of the sphinx later in the poem, and thus the Second Coming. The sphinx is spotted â€Å"somewhere in the sands of the desert†[9]. The desert is symbolic of the temptation of Christ during his forty days and forty nights fasting by the devil. Therefore the sphinx can be associated with the devil in heralding the second coming of Christ. The city of Bethlehem mentioned in the last line of the poem is symbolic of the entering into the world of powerful and Godly forces, Christ being one of purity. However, the â€Å"rough beast†[10] which moves its â€Å"slow thighs†[11] and â€Å"slouches† towards Bethlehem to bring a reign of terror as its â€Å"hour come round at last† symbolises anything but purity. Symbolism is also a strong element in Yeats’ poem â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†. This is most obviously seen through the actual swans in the poem. In the poem, it has been nineteen years (â€Å"the nineteenth autumn has come upon me†[12]) since Yeats has visited the park and seen the swans. He admits that his â€Å"heart is sore†[13] upon seeing the â€Å"brilliant creatures†[14], alluding to the fact that time has passed by, and he has changed, whereas these â€Å"mysterious†[15] swans have not. Their â€Å"hearts have not grown old†[16], and they still â€Å"paddle† beside each other, â€Å"lover by lover†, doing what they please, transcending time itself to swim down the â€Å"companionable streams or climb the air†. [17] These swans symbolise something which humans cling to, the need to hold onto something which is unaltered by man’s biggest foe; time. They symbolise man’s want to have left something on this earth which will be eternal, leaving a piece of them behind to remain with the people, the places, the life they held so dear because they could not continue on their â€Å"conquest†[18]. The fear of losing this is evident in the last two lines of the poem (â€Å"I awake some day/ To find they have flown away? †[19]). Through this rhetorical question Yeats conveys the helplessness and sadness of those who have had the thing which they cling to disappear. The season which is the setting for the poem is symbolic in itself. The season of autumn is when the most change occurs throughout the year. The time of day is shorter, the wind is colder, and the leaves fall off the trees, all symbolising the inevitability of time passing, things changing, and the end of their life drawing closer. Through the swans and the setting, Yeats has perfectly symbolised the passage of time and the changes which come with it. Not only this but it shows that some things can transcend time, however ultimately the things which make us feel whole eventually will have to be let go of. The use of symbols is also very evident in the poetry of Thomas Stearns Eliot, who, like Yeats, was influenced by the French symbolists. This influence can especially be seen in his poem â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†, which borrows from the sensuous language and anti-aesthetic detail of the symbolists[20], however due to constraints on the word limit, only a few of the symbols in Eliot’s poem will be discussed. The epigraph at the start of the poem is symbolically very important as it sets up the overall tone and feeling of the character of Alfred Prufrock. Translated from the original Italian, the lines spoken by the character of Count Guido da Montefelltro in Dante’s â€Å"Inferno† mean: If I thought that my reply would be to one who would ever return to the world, this flame would stay without further movement; but since none has ever returned alive from this depth, if what I hear is true, I answer you without fear of infamy†[21] Dante meets the punished Count, who explains that the only reason he is speaking truly of the shame of his evil life is because he believes t hat Dante will never escape the circles of hell to report it to the world above. The reference to Dante’s â€Å"Inferno† could be taken literally to symbolise a hell-on-earth which the character of Prufrock must, like those condemned in hell, suffer endlessly. It could also be taken to symbolise an urban landscape which suffocates Prufrock with its â€Å"yellow fog†[22]. Much more likely, however, is that Eliot intended the epigraph to symbolise the feelings of the character of Prufrock. Like Guido, Prufrock does not intend for his love song to be revealed, however it is ironic that although Prufrock does not think his love song will be read by anyone else, he still cannot speak of the love he feels for the woman. The â€Å"yellow fog† mentioned above is also used as a symbol by Eliot. This is emphasised by the personification of the fog, as it: â€Å"[†¦]rubs its back upon the window-panes, †¦]rubs its muzzle on the window-panes Licked its tongue[†¦]†[23] Through Eliot’s use of language, the fog is personified, and therefore feels all the more present in the poem. The yellow fog may symbolise the fear of Prufrock himself, the fear of being unable to confront a woman that he desires. Through the d escription of the fog, Eliot provides the readers with a powerful image of Prufrock’s fears infiltrating the room, and in successfully doing so; it has also infiltrated and occupies his mind. Isaac Rosenberg was an English war poet who was most famously known for his â€Å"Poems from the Trenches†. In his poems, Rosenberg conveys the harsh realities of World War I brilliantly, making use of his strong poetic mind. In his poem â€Å"Break of Day in the Trenches†, Rosenberg makes use of symbols not only to convey the appalling conditions in the trenches, but also to comment on the feelings which were experienced by both sides during the war. The most significant symbol in the poem is the â€Å"sardonic rat†[24]. The fact that the rat is given a personality (being referred to as â€Å"droll†[25] as well as sardonic) makes it all the more humane, ironically switching the roles between the rat and the soldiers, who blindly kill because they are ordered to. Not only this, but the rat is symbolic of the sunken position of human life. This is seen in the lines: â€Å"It seems you inwardly grin as you pass Strong eyes, fine limbs, haughty athletes, Less chanced than you for life†[26] Because of the war, human life has been transformed into something which is so easily disposed of that a rat is better adapted to survive. Above all this, the most important connection which the rat symbolises is that of experience. The rat symbolises something which has broken down the barriers between allies and enemies (â€Å"Now you have touched this English hand/You will o the same to a German†[27]), and is therefore able to see the truth. This truth is that all soldiers, be they enemy or foe, experience the same feelings. They experience the fear of the trenches, the sorrow of loss, the longing to be home, and the temporary joy of knowing they survived another day. The image of the hand gives more emphasis to the symbol of the rat, as it pr ovides a physical link between the soldiers, and in doing so, allows the reader to come to the realisation that in the trenches across the â€Å"sleeping green†[28] there are other people with personalities and families of their own. Not faceless, meticulous killing machines, but people. In â€Å"Break of Day in the Trenches†, Rosenberg uses the poppy as a symbol of not only death, but of the innocence of life and the young. The soldier picks out the poppy from the parapet, as Rosenberg writes: â€Å"Poppies whose roots are in man’s veins Drop, and are ever dropping; But mine in my ear is safe- Just a little white with the dust. †[29] Just as the poppies are rooted into the earth, and are therefore its children, so too are the children who are at war rooted in their parent’s veins. Therefore, the poppy being plucked from the parapet is symbolic of the children being plucked from their parents and family. Because the poppy has been plucked from the earth, it will inevitably die, which is ironic as the soldier claims that in his ear the poppy is â€Å"safe†. Similarly, the young soldiers who have been watched as they have grown up by their parents and family are plucked from their â€Å"roots†, and in the same tragic sense of irony, the families of these soldiers believe that they are safe and will return one day. This is of course an ignorant belief, as many of the people back home did not understand how brutal the war actually was. The plucking of the unaware poppy could also symbolise the exploitation of the oblivious and naive youths. Society has taken the innocent youths, and fooled them into believing they are committing crimes against their fellow man in the name of their flag and country. It is of course the desire for power of the corrupt generation which leads the innocent youths blindly towards their death. Yeats, Eliot, and Rosenberg are three poets who are undoubtedly varied in the way in which they approach the writing of their poems. However, it is one of the most fundamental elements of poetry which links the three, and that is the prevalent use of symbols in their poetry. Yeats, making use of symbols to evoke a sense of change over time and something prophetically apocalyptic; Eliot conveying his inability to confront the object of his desire; and finally Rosenberg, who, through his use of symbols, made his audience aware of how unnecessary the bloodshed of World War I was.of Day in the Trenches†, l. 23-26

Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Essay Example

Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Essay Example Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Paper Heat Transfer Radiation Lab Report Paper Natural convection is more prevalent at lower temperatures whereas radiation is more prevalent at higher temperatures Possible Sources of error: conduction from the heated cylinder to its housing tube changes in ambient temperature Variations in surface temperature Heat Transfer by Convection and uses possible Heat typically does not flow through liquids and gases by means of conduction. Liquids and gases are fluids; their particles are not fixed in place; they move bout the bulk of the sample of matter. The model used for explaining heat transfer through the bulk of liquids and gases involves convection. Convection is the process of heat transfer from one location to the next by the movement of fluids. The moving fluid carries energy with it. The fluid flows from a high temperature location to a low temperature location. [pica] (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standards SLACK. ) To understand convection in fluids, Consider the heat transfer through the water that is being heated in a pot on a stove. The source of the heat is the stove burner. The metal pot that holds the water is heated by the stove burner. As the metal becomes hot, it begins to conduct heat to the water. The water at the boundary with the metal pan becomes hot. Fluids expand when heated and become less dense. So as the water at the bottom of the pot becomes hot, its density decreases. The differences in water density between the bottom of the pot, and the top of the pot results in the gradual formation of circulation currents. Hot water begins to rise to the top of the pot displacing the colder water that was originally there. And the colder water that was present at the pop of the pot moves towards the bottom of the pot where it is heated and begins to rise. These circulation currents slowly develop over time, providing the pathway for heated water to transfer energy from the bottom of the pot to the surface. Convection also explains how an electric heater placed on the floor of a cold room warms up the air in the room. Air present near the coils of the heater warm up. As the air warms up, it expands, becomes less dense and begins to rise. As the hot air rises, it pushes some of the cold air near the top of the room out of the way. The cold air moves towards the bottom of the room to place the hot air that has risen. As the colder air approaches the heater at the bottom of the room, it becomes warmed by the heater and begins to rise. Once more, convection currents are slowly formed. Air travels along these pathways, carrying energy with it from the heater throughout the room. Convection is the main method of heat transfer in fluids such as water and air. It is often said that heat rises in these situations. The more appropriate explanation is to say that heated fluid rises. For instance, as the heated air rises from the heater on a floor, it carries more energetic particles with it. As the more energetic particles of the heated air mix with the cooler air near the ceiling, the average kinetic energy of the air near the top of the room increases. This increase in the average kinetic energy corresponds to an increase in temperature. The net result of the rising hot fluid is the transfer of heat from one location to another location. The convection method of heat transfer always involves the transfer of heat by the movement of matter. The two examples of convection discussed here heating water in a pot and heating air in a room are examples of natural convection. The riving force of the circulation of fluid is natural differences in density between two locations as the result of fluid being heated at some source. (Some sources introduce the concept of buoyant forces to explain why the heated fluids rise. We will not pursue such explanations here. ) Natural convection is common in nature. The earths oceans and atmosphere are heated by natural convection. In contrast to natural convection, forced convection involves fluid being forced from one location to another by fans, pumps and other devices. Many home heating systems involve force air heating. Air is heated at a furnace and blown by fans through ductwork and released into rooms at vent locations. This is an example of forced convection. The movement of the fluid from the hot location (near the furnace) to the cool location (the rooms throughout the house) is driven or forced by a fan. Some ovens are forced convection ovens; they have fans that blow heated air from a heat source into the oven. Some fireplaces enhance the heating ability of the fire by blowing heated air from the fireplace unit into the adjacent room. This is another example of forced convection. Heat Transfer by Radiation A final method of heat transfer involves radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves. To radiate means to send out or spread from a central location. Whether it is light, sound, waves, rays, flower petals, wheel spokes or pain, if something radiates then it protrudes or spreads outward from an origin. The transfer of heat by radiation involves the carrying of energy from an origin to the space surrounding it. The energy is carried by electromagnetic waves and does not involve the movement or the interaction of matter. Thermal radiation can occur through matter or through a region of pace that is void of matter (i. E. , a vacuum). In fact, the heat received on Earth from the sun is the result of electromagnetic waves traveling through the void of space between the Earth and the sun. All objects radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The rate at which this energy is released is proportional to the Kelvin temperature (T) raised to the fourth power. Radiation rate = kit (Images courtesy Peter Lewis and Chris West of Standards SLACK. ) The hotter the object, the more it radiates. The sun obviously radiates off more energy than a hot mug of coffee. The temperature also affects the wavelength and frequency of the radiated waves. Objects at typical room temperatures radiate energy as infrared waves. Being invisible to the human eye, we do not see this form of radiation. An infrared camera is capable of detecting such radiation. Perhaps you have seen thermal photographs or videos of the radiation surrounding a person or animal or a hot mug of coffee or the Earth. The energy radiated from an object is usually a collection or range of wavelengths. This is usually referred to as an emission spectrum. As the temperature of an object increases, the avalanches within the spectra of the emitted radiation also decrease. Hotter objects tend to emit shorter wavelength, higher frequency radiation. The coils of an electric toaster are considerably hotter than room temperature and emit electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum. Fortunately, this provides a convenient warning to its users that the coils are hot. The tungsten filament of an incandescent light bulb emits electromagnetic radiation in the visible (and beyond) range. This radiation not only allows us to see, it also warms the glass bulb that contains the filament. Put your hand near the bulb (without touching it)